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Opioids
Cautions regarding the use of opioids
- Drugs of choice for severe cancer-related pain. Opioids do not have
an analgesic ceiling effect, and therefore, dose can be titrated to
achieve maximum pain relief.
- Constipation is an almost universal complication of opioid use, and
all patients should receive prophylactic stimulant laxative therapy
unless otherwise contraindicated (e.g., chronic diarrhea).
- Sedation is a frequent side effect of initial opioid use; however,
tolerance develops soon in most patients.
- Respiratory depression rarely occurs except in opioid naive patients
and those with significant pulmonary disease.
- True hypersensitivIty reactions to opioids are rare. If patients
experience such reactions, it is often possible to administer an
opioid from another subclass safely.
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The subclasses are: Phenanthrene derivatives: morphine, codeine,
hydromorphone, oxycodone. Phenylpiperidine derivatives:
meperidine, fentanyl. Diphenylheptane derivatives: methadone.
- The use of opioid antagonists such as naloxone causes immediate
reversal of all opioid effects including analgesia. Such reversal
results in acute withdrawal, which may be complicated by excruciating
pain and seizure. Therefore, opioid antagonists are never recommended
to reverse non-life-threatening effects such as confusion or
sedation. If used to reverse life-threatening respiratory depression
or hypotension, they should be administered cautiously.
- Oral is the preferred route of administration, except for patients
who cannot take or tolerate oral medications. When given in
appropriate doses, oral opioids are as efficacious as parenteral
opioids.
- Rectal and transdermal dosage forms are available and effective,
noninvasive alternatives when oral medication is not possible.
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Rectal suppositories are contraindicated if lesions of the
rectum or anus are present.
- Repetitive intramuscular and subcutaneous (SC) injections should be
avoided because they can be painful and absorption is inconsistent.
- Intravenous (IV) administration may be used when less invasive routes
are ineffective or unavailable. IV opioids may be given by bolus or
continuous administration (including PCA); however, they require
careful monitoring during titration. Inappropriately excessive dosing
may carry significant risk of respiratory depression, especially in
opioid-naive patients and those with underlying pulmonary pathology.
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Rectal suppositories are contraindicated if lesions of the
Low-volume continuous SC infusion may also be used if venous
access is not established.
- IV or SC PCA provides a good steady level of analgesia. It is widely
accepted by patients but requires special infusion pumps and staff
education. May not be appropriate for patients with altered mental
status or agitation.
- Epidural and intrathecal opioids provide good analgesia, when
suitable. These routes have significant risk of respiratory
depression, which may be delayed, necessitating careful monitoring.
Special preservative-free drug formulations are necessary for these
routes of administration.
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