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Nasal
The transnasal route is an alternative delivery method that may be useful when patients are no longer able to tolerate the oral route. Although several agents are currently being studied, the only commercially available formulation is the mixed agonist-antagonist drug butorphanol, which is rapidly taken up by the vascular nasal mucosa. The major indication for its use is acute headache. Although this formulation has general appeal by virtue of its potential for rapid action, for the reasons noted above, this drug is not recommended for routine use in cancer pain treatment.
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